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3.1.2: 1725 - 1830 - Letters (including letter design, typecasting and type foundries)There were rarely more than four independent type foundries in the entire Netherlands (and usually even fewer punchcutters) at any one time, but several new ones joined three older ones early in the eighteenth century. Type styles were changing under the influence of engraving and pointed-pen lettering, and of new attitudes introduced with the Enlightenment. Dutch types show little direct influence from those produced under the auspices of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris in the 1690s, and exercised little or no influence on those that A few very mannered romans in the Thanks largely to the work of these two punch cutters, These were lean years for the foundries and for the Netherlands in general. Fleischman died in 1768 and Rosart in 1777, Enschedé issued no new specimens between 1773 and 1806, and even the 1806 specimen showed few new types. Two typefounders and a punch cutter left the country in the aftermath of the failed democratic revolution of 1787, and the Dutch economy suffered greatly in the years 1795-1813, under first the French-supported Batavian Republic and then direct French control. Typographic fashions were changing again, this time under the influence of Enschedé could once again offer a wide range of types in the latest styles and held a virtual monopoly on the domestic market until 1836. From 1819 the company again had a punchcutter in house and it continued to expand their holdings as the dawn of modern advertising led to an explosion of display types. Enschedé produced impressive folio specimens to show them, but they largely followed developments abroad. author: John A. Lane |
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