2.1.1: 1585 - 1725 - Introduction


The book as a physical object has been less well studied for the period 1585-1725 than for the period preceding it: on the one hand there was less need for this because the identification of the edition was less difficult and, on the other hand, there was more than enough material (editions, typefaces, paper). It was in this period that the form of the object 'book' developed the characteristics which can still be recognised in the modern book. Quarto dominated as far as format was concerned although large reference works retained their folio format; all kinds of text, including the classics, were printed in convenient small formats (duodecimo and smaller). Among the typefaces, roman definitely became the dominant one, although the Gothic black letter (textura, often called the 'Duitse (i.e. Dutch) letter') was used for certain Dutch-language genres although interspersed with text in roman and italics (hymnbooks, travelogues, descriptions of cities or countries, pamphlets, schoolbooks). Type production in the Netherlands was highly appreciated and our type foundries exported to, among other places, England. On the other hand, domestic paper production started quite late: until 1685 (revocation of the Edict of Nantes), a well-organised import trade in French paper of excellent quality had existed. Book illustrations reached a high point: copper engravings appeared in nearly every genre (especially hymnbooks and emblem books); frontispieces also flourished (which came before, or in place of, the title page). The binding was not part of the actual production process(usually carried out by order of the individual buyer); the simple vellum binding predominated, followed by bindings in calf with or without gold tooling.


author: F.A. Janssen
 
 


Introduction



marbled paper

Definition: decorated paper with a marbling effect produced by placing drops of colour on a liquid surface (the marbling size), using a marbling trough.



brocade paper

Definition: kind of decorated paper: hand-made paper, coloured with a brush on one side on which a (imitation) gold leaf decorative pattern or picture is printed.



laid paper

Definition: hand-made paper or (mostly) imitation hand-made paper with a fine screen of water lines.



glossy coated paper

Definition: highly-glossed paper.



hand-made paper

Definition: hand-made paper, laid or not, made with a mould, usually with watermark and deckle edges.



wood-pulp paper

Definition: paper containing ground wood-pulp with many small impurities, usually easily torn; cheap but not durable.



wood-free paper

Definition: paper that does not contain wood-pulp, but which is made from pure cellulose and/or cotton or linen rags. It has a beautiful colour and is durable.



paper boys

Definition: person who daily delivers a paper in the letterbox of readers with a subscription.



lignin-rich paper

Definition: kind of ligneous paper: lignin is an element of wood. It causes a rapid ageing of paper whose fibrous composition consists partly of lignin.



Lombardy paper

Definition: name for imported paper of Italian origin, common until the end of the 17th century.



rag paper

Definition: kinds of paper that have been made entirely of rags. As soon as rags are only partly used in a kind of paper, then this is rag-content paper.



machine-made paper

Definition: paper made using a paper machine



marbled paper

Definition: kind of paper used inter alia for bindings: paper on which - by a special process - a decorative pattern, which sometimes resembles marble, is created by applying a thin layer of paint of two or more colours, or paper printed with an imitation resemblingit.



bulky paper

Definition: paper which combines great thickness with a relatively light weight (used by publishers to make small books look more voluminous).



acid-free paper

Definition: paper with a neutral pH value (about pH 7), mainly used in conservation and restoration.



paper

Definition: general term for a material produced in the form of reels or sheets, formed by draining a suspension of vegetable fibres (rags, straw, wood, etc.) on a sieve and usually used, after sizing, for writing, drawing or printing; the name 'paper' is used for aweight of up to about 165 g/m2, 'cardboard' or 'board' for a higher weight.



permanent paper

Definition: alkaline paper which satisfies international standards as regards composition and physical properties, so that a durability of at least 150 years is guaranteed.



Troy paper

Definition: name for imported paper of French origin, used until the end of the 17th century.



paper finishers

Definition: workmen in a printing office who hang the damp paper up to dry on a line after it has been printed.



paper conservation

Definition: the restoring, stopping or preventing paper decay caused by acidification and wear and tear.



paper mills

Definition: industrial concern in which paper is produced on a large scale.



paper manufacturers

Definition: 1. owner, employer of a papermill. 2. producer of hand-made paper.



paper formats

Definition: dimensions of a sheet of paper.



paper wholesale businesses

Definition: company that resells large quantities of paper, supplied by producers, to printing offices and other businesses.



paper trade

Definition: economic activity of trading paper, i.e. the buying and selling of paper, as intermediary between production and consumption.



paper traders

Definition: someone whose profession is trading paper.



paper industry

Definition: collective name for all branches of industry concerned with the production of paper.



paper machines

Definition: machine with which paper is formed, pressed, dried and smoothed, from cellulose fibres and other paper ingredients. The result is turned into rolls or cut into sheets.



paper mills

Definition: water mills or windmills where the production of handmade rag paper took place. The drive mechanism of the mill was used to move the beaters loosening the rag fibres.



paper research

Definition: 1. testing paper to judge its appropriateness for a certain use. 2. analysis of paper to determine age or origin.



paper production

Definition: 1. the total of paper produced. 2. paper making.



kinds of paper

Definition: collective name for variants in paper, originating in the use of different raw materials, sizes and production methods.



paper splitting

Definition: in book restoration: the splitting of paper into two layers which are pasted together again after a support layer has been placed in between.



paper treaters

Definition: labourers in a printing office who wet the paper before printing, so that the ink is absorbed better.



decorated paper

Definition: collective name for all sorts of decorated paper whose decoration has come into being either during the manufacturing process or by graphic or other final processing of the sheet of paper.



woodblock paper

Definition: kind of decorated paper printed by means of wooden blocks, which are frequentlyderived from cotton print-works, with a decorative pattern in one or more colours; used especially in the 18th and 19th centuries for covers, endpapers and as pasting materialfor the boards of books.



wove paper

Definition: non-laid hand-made paper, sometimes with a watermark in the bottom edge of the paper