5.2.4: 1910 - heden - Copy, composition, printing (printing presses, printing ink) and correction


Looking at the development of production techniques in this period, we must distinguish between newspapers, magazines and books. Until the 1960s, newspapers were produced by means of relief printing. The text was typeset in Linotype, halftones were made of photographs and everything was printed on a rotary press. The transition to photosetting began in the mid-sixties and was in general use by almost all large newspaper printers by the mid-seventies. As early as the late 1970s this tecnique was in turn replaced by computerized typesetting, allowing texts to be combined with photographs an edited to form newspaper pages on screen, which could then be transferred directly into formes. This transition was completed in the 1990s and with it the proud trade of the newspaper typesetter disappeared. From the seventies onwards, newspaper printing was increasingly done with rotary offset presses.

Until the Second World War, a number of illustrated magazines were printed by means of relief printing, using line blocks and half-tones for the pictures. However, after the establishment of the Rotogravuremaatschappij in 1913, an increasing number of magazines were printed in rotogravure. From around 1960, more and more printers began to use offset printing presses and photo typesetting machines, at first for glossy magazines because this technique gave better results with colour photographs, but after 1970, almost all magazines were printed in this way. The great advantages of this procedure were that the bimetal forme could be stretched directly around the cylinder and that a greater variety of paper could be used.

From the sixties onwards, more and more printers began to use offset printing for the production of books as well and later on they also used phototypesetting and composition on the computer, i.e. digital or electronic composing. This work was increasingly contracted out to specialist companies, as was making the blocks for the illustrations. As these methods were much cheaper, the publishers' profit margin rose. In the fifties, cheap, mass-produced paperbacks became popular, thanks to the invention of the German Lumback for glueing the cut-off leaves of the book. This made the expensive process of sewing the gatherings redundant.

The development of printing technology therefore shows a decrease in the diversity of technical procedures from the 1960s onwards. Offset printing became virtually general practice and processing text and images to produce a forme is increasingly done on the computer, incorporating many different graphic skills.


author: D. van Lente
 
 


Copy, composition, printing (printing presses, printing ink) and correction



university printers

Definition: a printer appointed by a university to publish scholarly texts produced in that university



letterpress printers

Definition: printer specialising in the printing of books.



printers

Definition: 1. person who practises the craft of printing. 2. person or organisation responsible - usually to the publisher - for the printing of a publication.



printers' manuals

Definition: practical book of instruction on the technical side of printing, in which aspects of composing and printing are discussed.



printers' devices

Definition: symbol or figure (emblem, monogram) sometimes with an emblematic representation and/or accompanied by a maxim, used by printers in their publications to identify their company.



map printers

Definition: printer, specialised in the printing of geographical and topographical maps.



art printers

Definition: printer specialised in the printing of plates and prints.



state printers

Definition: printer who is appointed by the government to print the publications of central government.



government printers

Definition: printer employed by a governmental institution taking care of the publication of the official documents that are produced by this institution.



copperplate printers

Definition: printers who, with the help of a copperplate press, make prints of engraved metal plates; for the reproduction of prints and maps.



provincial printers

Definition: printer appointed by a provincial government to publish publications of the provincial government.



town printers

Definition: printer appointed by a town council to print the publications of the local government.



printers to the Provincial States

Definition: printer appointed by the States of a Province in the Republic of the Seven United Provinces to print the publications of the provincial government.